|
Poverty in Canada remains prevalent within some segments of society and according to a 2008 report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the rate of poverty in Canada, is among the highest of the OECD member nations, the world's wealthiest industrialized nations.〔(【引用サイトリンク】year=2008 )〕 There is no official government definition and therefore, measure, for poverty in Canada. However, Dennis Raphael, author of ''Poverty in Canada: Implications for Health and Quality of Life'' reported that the United Nations Development Program, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and Canadian poverty researchers〔The Conference Board of Canada "uses the OECD’s relative measure of child poverty, which calculates the proportion of children living in households where disposable income is less than 50 per cent of the median in each country." The Conference Board 2013 cautioned that Canada’s high poverty rate, ranks among the worst of the 17 countries they compared. "Canada’s child poverty rate was 15.1 per cent, up from 12.8 per cent in the mid-1990s. Only the United States ranked lower.〕 find that relative poverty is the "most useful measure for ascertaining poverty rates in wealthy developed nations such as Canada."〔(【引用サイトリンク】year=2008 )〕 In its report released the Conference Board Currently, an income inequality measure known as low income cut-off published by Statistics Canada is frequently used as a poverty rate and is 10.8% as of 2005. The Central Intelligence Agency uses the LICO as the relative measure results in a higher poverty figure than an absolute one. The Fraser Institute, a conservative think-tank, alleges that the federal Canadian government exaggerates poverty rates, and publishes their own measure, known as the basic needs poverty measure. According to this measure, poverty has declined significantly over the past 60 years and is 4.9% as of 2004.〔 Statistics Canada has refused to endorse any metric as a measure of poverty, including the low-income cut off it publishes, without a mandate to do so from the federal government. Some elements that work towards reducing poverty in Canada include Canada's strong economic growth, government transfers to persons of $164 billion per annum as of 2008,〔(Government transfer payments to persons ), Statistics Canada, 8 November 2007, URL accessed 4 December 2007〕 universal medical and public education systems, and minimum wage laws in each of the provinces and territories of Canada. In recent times, after a spike in poverty and low-income rates around the 1996 recession, relative poverty has continued to decline. Certain groups experience higher low-income rates. These include children, families with single-parent mothers, aboriginals, the mentally ill, the physically handicapped, recent immigrants,〔(The rise in low-income rates among immigrants in Canada ), Analytical Studies Branch research paper series, Statistics Canada, June 2003, URL accessed 20 September 2006〕〔(Chronic Low Income and Low-income Dynamics Among Recent Immigrants ), Statistics Canada, January 2007, URL accessed 30 January 2007〕 and students. ==History of poverty in Canada== Canada's history is marked by identified periods of growth and recession, and an evolving response of government intervention to assist low-income Canadians. Reflecting the practice in the British Isles, organized assistance to the poor was largely the realm of churches.〔(Poverty - A short history ), Tristat Resources, URL accessed 2 December 2007〕 In the early 20th century, the Catholic Encyclopedia reported that there were eighty-seven hospitals in Canada under the control and direction of various Catholic religious communities.〔(Poverty and Pauperism ), Catholic Encyclopedia, URL accessed 2 December 2007〕 After the Great Depression, Bennett and Mackenzie King spurred the first stages of Canada's welfare state, and the size and role of the government began to grow immensely over the next decades. Many social programs developed during this time designed to increase the Canadian citizen's quality of life. According to one estimate, 15% of Canadians lived in poverty by 1961,〔https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kmgXcDQNNzgC&pg=PA481&dq=louis+st.+laurent+poverty&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCUQ6AEwATgKahUKEwithIuiyKTIAhVHOBQKHWSWCD4#v=onepage&q=louis%20st.%20laurent%20poverty&f=false〕 while at the end of the Sixties, Statistics Canada estimated that the number of Canadians living in poverty (using measurements drawn up by Jenny Podoluk) had fallen from about 25% of the population in 1961 to about 18% in 1969.〔The Canadian economy: problems and policies by G. C. Ruggeri〕 A Senate inquiry in 1969, however, estimated that as many as 1 in 4 Canadians were living in poverty that year.〔http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/social-security〕 From 1969 to 1982, the proportion of families with incomes below the poverty line fell from 20.8% to 13.9%. According to one definition, nearly two-fifths of Canadians lived in poverty in 1951, falling slightly to more than one-fifth in 1961 and to slightly less than one-fifth by 1968.〔Annual Report, United Church of Canada. Board of Evangelism and Social Service, 1970〕 In recent years, newly arrived immigrants have higher than average low-income rates, although each immigrant arrival cohort year experiences a declining low-income rate over time. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Poverty in Canada」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|